Surely this is contrary to all logic,
when the area is equal to the whole city, not used,
and slate still admire the stars
Le Corbusier, the French architect, artist, designer
In recent years, there is more and more information about green roofs and materials for their manufacture, operation specifics. The largest international exhibition Batimat construction industry, which took place in Paris in November 2005, has shown that it is one of the most important areas of the roofing industry. This is also evidenced by the experience of urban development in the developed countries. Only in New York, there are more than 8000 green roofs. In Germany, there are federal laws that require spending green roof.
The famous "Hanging Gardens of Babylon" (about 600 BC. E.), Considered the "seventh light miracle "actually represented the first green roof. The inhabitants of Scandinavia, Finland and the European part of Russia in the old days to warm the house, obkladyvaya their pieces of moss and turf. In Western Europe, the problem of construction of the roof terrace on the city buildings and landscaping has emerged as a functional-economic and socio-aesthetic in the XVII century. In the eighteenth century. the famous builder Karl Rabitts arranged garden on the roof of his
house in Berlin. In Russia, the first Hanging Gardens were built in the XVII. in the Moscow Kremlin, later the boyars Golitsyn and Ordyn Nashchokin. Known garden, built in Rostov the Great Metropolitan Ion between the buildings of the palace. In the XVIII century. receiving device on the roof garden was used in the architecture of the Winter Palace, the Small Hermitage and Tsarskoye Selo in St. Petersburg. At the end of the XIX century. ideas hanging gardens were covered almost all the merchant class. The gardens were on the roof of a tea shop on the Butcher, on the roof of the Merchants' Club in Malaya Dmitrovka (now Lenkom Theater) and the apartment building on Kuznetsky Most. The restaurant owner on the street Dorogomilov built a spacious garden, and a year more rich garden with fountains and grottos opened above the café on Dolgorukovskaya street. Famous became the first ten-storey house in the Grand Gnezdnikovsky Lane with a garden and a cinema on the roof.
According to research conducted by German scientists R. and M. Schubert Maysterhauzom 150 sq. m grassy roof provide annual need for oxygen for 100 people. If the roof will grow more trees and bushes, the 1st quarter. m such roofing is quite capable of providing oxygen per person per year. Green roof area of 48 sq. m produces, for example, as much oxygen as a tree with a crown diameter of about 10 m. Depending on the method of such roof greening can take from 40 to 80%of the precipitation and participate in the natural water cycle. Traditional flat roof returns to the atmosphere is less than 1%moisture, trafficable green roof - more than 60%
In a number of European countries there is a real boom in green roofs.. This is facilitated by the constant deterioration of the ecological situation. "Construction boom" in Russia provokes the destruction of green areas, demolition of playgrounds and sports grounds. All this must be replenished - and the cost of land is constantly growing, and much more profitable, is to build a large shopping mall, rather than break the holiday park
In addition to tanning beds, porches and greenhouses on the roof terrace can be built greenhouses. productive gardens, using the warmth of home for plant growth. Operated roof can be used for the organization of pedestrian areas, outdoor cafes, car parks, but even in these cases will still need the green in summer cover may heat up to 80 or more ° C, on the roof, not only can not walk on it even hard to breathe
green areas on the roof can achieve sound insulation, dust take-create in additional habitat for fauna.
When the device on the roof garden there are a number of problems, in particular, the persistently high level of humidity. Operated roof should have improved moisture resistance and as low as possible water absorption. This is due to the fact that the penetration into the structure of the insulation of water vapor and moisture, multiple cycles of "freeze-thawing" ultimately lead to loss of thermal insulating properties and fracture of the material.
Structures operated roof must withstand the weight of soil . plant weight, other operational loads, as well as wind and snow loads
In addition to conventional waterproofing material destructive factors added new: microorganisms, chemicals and root systems of plants. Moreover, if Europe and other regions with a temperate climate and warm traditional bituminous roofing materials are long enough, in our region the terms of maintenance-free operation of the roofing materials are much shorter. Studies have shown that ordinary bituminous membrane is capable of withstanding the roots of the plants are not more than six weeks
In order to increase the stability of the waterproofing, special chemicals have been developed -. Antikornevye supplements that are embedded in the bitumen-polymer binder in the production of waterproofing material and distributed uniformly throughout its thickness. They make the membrane is completely impermeable to plant roots. Most currently existing bitumen-polymer kornestoykih waterproofing materials for green roofs use is this method of protection.
There is an option of protection roof, wherein the waterproofing membrane is applied on the copper foil. In modern systems, landscaping waterproofing function is performed polymeric membrane.
Before installing the planting system on the roof of the old building is necessary to carry out the examination of the roof. If the roof needs repair, you must perform it before installing the landscaping system, as opposed to the usual roof repair multilayer roofing pie green roof in the event of a leak, requires a lot of effort and money.
One of the weaknesses of green roofs is the contiguity to the vertical surfaces. To prevent leakage in these places edge of the waterproofing layer should be raised along the vertical surface.
The solution to these problems lies in strict compliance with the design requirements. If the requirements are violated, there are leaks, broken roof construction, there is a decay of soil and plants, as well as drying (or freezing out) vegetable layer.
Modern green roofs can be divided into two main types, depending on the method of planting and the type of operation.
Intensive green roofs are a garden in every sense of the word. Their landscaping includes not only small plants, but also to bushes and trees.
With vigorous gardening building construction must withstand from 150 to 750 kg per sq. m, which imposes severe restrictions on the use of this method. If the strength of construction permits can be arranged on the roof of a real garden with ponds, fountains, and lush flower beds, lay the track, put the bench. Trees can be planted in height and 4 m - coniferous, deciduous. Naturally, large plants and trees require a significant layer of fertile, on the roof, it can be more than 1 m. The drainage layer will be not less than 20 cm, in addition, necessary to provide an automatic irrigation system.
In extensive landscaping use only ground cover or plants are placed in special containers with a soil substrate.
Access the people on a roof, a lawn, in principle, is not expected. You can walk only on special paths. Special care is not required landscaping. Plants use ground covers, and those that are well tolerated by the temperature differences and the lack of moisture:. Sedum, Saxifraga, some onion or simply lawn grasses
The roof surface to protect the roots of plants with a special film, which does not allow the roots to destroy the roof. And to reduce the pressure of the growing layer on it using geo or geotextiles. Parameters webs, such as density, thickness, structure, depends on the design of the building, ie. E. The expected load. Roofs with a slope of less than 4? must necessarily be equipped drainage system, otherwise stagnant water will occur in the soil and, as a consequence, an increase in the load on the roof. As a basis for planting fertile poured layer or substrate thickness of 5 to 20 cm, the same conventional lawn. With limited thickness up to 10 cm, the layer should be sufficiently mineralized. So that in time the substrate is not mixed with drainage, drainage layers and the substrate also share geo thin.
The extensive landscaping is the easiest method. It is often used on the roofs of industrial enterprises of developed European countries. But outside the city plant trees and gardens in this way roofs of garages, gazebos, patios and various outbuildings. Gradually, the roof forms a kind of lawn, there are other plants, even colonize the birds.
1. Sealing layer . For reliable waterproofing use polymeric roofing membrane (EPDM, PVC) due to their high climate, chemical and biological stability and durability.
2. Drainage layer . Performs the functions of the primary or additional root protection provides water drainage. Depending on the type of vegetation used high strength rolled materials based on HDPE, in less demanding applications - from the perforated plate of polystyrene or gravel backfill.
3. The filtration layer is designed to prevent clogging of the drainage plant soil particles. The geotextile can be used as a filtering layer.
4. Topsoil vegetation . Greening should only plants with so-called mochevidnoy (horizontal) root system (increases the stability of the plant). To fit large plants may be created or vegetable pit mines that are placed inside the loft (or technical floor). This makes it possible, if necessary, to provide heating of the root system, leaving the plants to winter on the roof.
plant must be adapted to the climatic conditions, resistant to industrial and transport dirt, good humidity transfer vibrations settle and poor soils because altitude gardens very troublesome to water, drain and soiling. It should be borne in mind that at a height of several tens of meters is windy, the air is drier than at the surface of the earth, and the winter cold is felt more.
Modern roofing greening system distinguishes low weight of the finished structure (not more than 60 kg per 1 sq. m of moisture saturation condition, taking into account established plants), a very simple mounting system. Moreover, on the flat roof of the green areas may be combined with various kinds of buildings, tracks, decorative elements, etc.
Green roofs have characteristics which are not only not inferior to the conventional roofs, but also superior to them. For example, savings on heating in winter and air conditioning in the summer more than compensated, so to speak, not the lowest cost of construction of the green roof. High performance waterproofing and thermal insulation system make green roofs ideal solution to the problem construction of environmentally friendly, durable and very reliable roof.
As well as the advantages can be noted aesthetics, microclimate on the roof, no bitumen, which is heated in the sun. And, in addition, green roofs have not yet, so those "pioneers", who will decide on the installation of these roofs will always attract attention.
In Russia, the vast majority of the buildings, like the newly built, so and the old fund, have a flat roof, and therefore, are the reserve of "light" for cities. greening system FlorDepot (Germany) can be easily mounted even on a pitched roof with certain limitations, the main of which are: the maximum angle of inclination of the roof ramps - 45 °. In 2005, the company presented FlorDepot facade greening system, which during the winter operation can be temporarily replaced by a ventilated facade system.
The problems in the operation of the green roof, mainly come from the improper installation or inaccurate calculation of system load in rafter construction and floor slabs. Some problems may occur if the roof fly tree seeds, so any green roof is still in need of supervision and periodic maintenance to remove germinated sprouts trees in its infancy.
From the point of view of the services responsible for the technical condition of the roof, the vegetation on the roof - an undeniable sign of the need for repair. However, the lack of space for landscaping cities redefines the traditional views on the roof as waterproofing layer, which protects the building from rain. So is it possible to combine in a city with a reliable waterproofing saving ecological and aesthetic functions of living, natural roof? Not only possible, but also it is necessary. In addition, the technology devices roofs with greenery for a long time and has been successfully used in most countries in the world!
Today, all the necessary prerequisites for the creation of green roofs have appeared in our country. Namely:
- severe environmental conditions in modern cities requires the care of a clean environment, directly affects the health of citizens;
- monotonous architectural environment, reducing the area devoted to green areas, creating the need to transform the space around us, has a direct impact on the psychological state of the people;
- international experience of construction, confirmed by long practice, which took over domestic builders and the emergence of modern materials make it possible to solve the most complex technical issues. It gives practical opportunity for the device of "green" roofs.
can plant trees and gardens both flat and pitched roof. The very first housing, created by man, is a substantially pitched roof of the plant material. For insulation roof covered with earth, which grew grass and moss. Until now, the Nordic countries can meet the old hut with sod roof.
Modern technology green roofs device was developed in Germany in the 1960s., And since then has been applied in many countries around the world. Recently, the "green" roof, made of modern polymer waterproofing materials, due to their advantages over the traditional roofs are becoming more popular both abroad and in this country.
It should be noted that the device of the roof is not only beautiful, but also practical. Green roof has a longer lifetime than made with bituminous materials or polymeric. Waterproofing is protected from UV rays and extreme temperature fluctuations, which considerably slows down the process of destruction
Application of green roofs without additional costs allows:.
In the metropolitan areas. which is given a lot of natural space for development, green roof is the perfect solution to compensate for the damage caused to nature. This way to the roof of the device has become particularly relevant in view of the fact that the cost per square meter of land is extremely high, and the use of available roof area made it possible to compensate the shortage of green areas, to arrange on the roofs of buildings for recreation and leisure activities.
Современные материалы и технологии дают возможность создавать устойчивое к динамическим нагрузкам защитное покрытие, что позволяет использовать площадь крыши для самых разных целей – устраивать детские площадки и площадки для гольфа, зоны отдыха, парковки автомобилей и т.д. На крыше можно создавать целые сады с газонами, клумбами, водоемами и фонтаны.
Правильно выполненные зеленые кровли намного прочнее, чем кровли с гравийной засыпкой. Главное, чтобы были учтены все особенности конкретной кровли еще на стадии проектирования.Подводя итог всему вышеизложенному, хочется подчеркнуть: ежегодно человечество, стремясь улучшить условия своего пребывания на планете Земля, отнимает примерно до 0,0031%ее суши (отчет ЮНЕСКО 1999 год). Освоенные территории, на которых в основном ведется активное многоэтажное жилищное строительство, увеличивают площади городов и поселков, навсегда отнимая эти земли у пока единственных генераторов необходимого нам кислорода – растений. Воссоздавая утраченный растительный мир на крыше, мы помогаем воссоздавать жизнь на Земле.
